Definition of Portmanteau Words in English

Meaning of Portmanteau Words in English A portmanteau word is a word shaped by consolidating the sounds and implications of at least two different words. All the more officially known as a mix. The term portmanteau wordâ was instituted by English essayist Lewis Carroll in Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There (1871). Afterward, in the prelude to his babble poem The Hunting of the Snark (1876), Carroll offered this clarification of Humpty-Dumptys hypothesis of two implications pressed into single word like a portmanteau: [T]ake the two words raging and incensed. Decide that you will say the two words, however leave it agitated which you will say first. Presently open your mouth and talk. On the off chance that your contemplations slant little towards raging, you will say seething angry; on the off chance that they turn, by even a hairs broadness, towards enraged, you will say irate smoldering; however on the off chance that you have the rarest of blessings, an entirely adjusted brain, you will say frumious. Models and Observations: Brangelina (Brad Pitt Angelina Jolie)bromance (sibling romance)Cronutâ„ ¢ (croissant doughnut)dramedy (show comedy)Frankenfood (Frankenstein food)infomercial (data commercial)motel (engine hotel)netiquette (net etiquette)Oxbridge (Oxford Cambridge)pixel (pic element)quasar (semi heavenly star)sexpert (sex expert)sexting (sex texting)smog (smoke fog)splatter (sprinkle spatter)statusphere (status atmosphere)Tanzania (Tanganyika Zanzibar)telethon (TV marathon)Viagravation (Viagra aggravation)A word framed by intertwining components of two different words, for example, Lewis Carrolls slithy from foul and flexible. He called such structures portmanteau words, since they resembled a two-section portmanteau sack. Mixing is identified with shortening, determination, and intensifying, yet unmistakable from them all.(Tom McArthur, Blend. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford University Press, 1992) The Sound Bites of Modern English [D]ancercise, simulcast, Frappuccinoâ - they wear their implications on their abbreviated sleeves. Portmanteau words are the sound chomps of current English, determined to get on the first run through individuals hear them.(Geoffrey Nunberg, The Way We Talk Now. Houghton Mifflin, 2001)Smirting happens when two individuals, smoking outside, tumble to being a tease, and find that they share more for all intents and purpose than basically nicotine. In Ireland, where the term began after the boycott in 2004, there is even proof of non-smokers joining the smoky crowd outside in light of the fact that the climate there is more flirtatious.Smirting is a portmanteau word, shaped by pressing pieces of two words together to make another, consolidating the feeling of each.(Ben Macintyre, Ben Macintyre Celebrates the Portmanteau. The Times, May 2, 2008) Portmanteau Survivors:Dumbfound, Flabbergasted, Gerrymander Portmanteau words are every now and again more unusual than valuable and dont endure, however many exist. ... Dumbfound, from stupid and frustrate, was assembled in the seventeenth century. Astounded, one of the more invented, is clearly an eighteenth century mix of overweight and alarmed. Manipulate joins the name of Governor Elbridge Gerry and lizard, alluding to the state of a redistricted Massachusetts area. Anecdotage, adding the ramifications of dotage to story, and Clifton Fadimans hullabalunacy from commotion and lunacy, are sufficiently cunning to merit survival.(Robert Gorrell, Watch Your Language!: Mother Tongue and Her Wayward Children. College of Nevada Press, 1994) Portmanteau Games Two games can be played with portmanteau words. In the primary game, one player thinks about a portmanteau word and requests that the following player state which words are mixed to make it. In the subsequent game, players attempt to make up new, funny portmanteau words and give their definitions. In this way you may mix the words hen and continuance to make hendurance, which means the persistence of a hen attempting to incubate out an egg. Or on the other hand you could mix the name of the pooch Rin-tin-tin (who featured in films) and the word ring to get Rin-tin-chime: an exceptionally uproarious ringing of bells.(Tony Augarde, The Oxford beginning to end of Word Games. Oxford University Press,1994) The Lighter Side of Portmanteau Words So a blog is a web log? Is there a punctuation, or do you all not have the quality for that? You’re simply going to stick two words together?(Stephen Colbert, The Colbert Report, Feb. 2006)In her first tweet, [Sarah] Palin didnt compose stand up; she utilized another termâ - refudiate. A couple of moments later, the Tweet was reworked with refudiateâ - which isn't really a word -  removed,â replaced by invalidate. ...The word got someones consideration, on the grounds that a couple of hours after the fact Palin would not disprove refudiate, she tweeted that shes simply following in Shakespeares footsteps.Refudiate, misunderestimate, small weed up. English is a living language. Shakespeare got a kick out of the chance to coin new words as well. Got the opportunity to observe it!(Carolyn Kellogg, Wherefore Art Thou, Refudiate? Sarah Palin as Shakespeare. Los Angeles Times, July 19, 2010) Elocution: port-MAN-tow Otherwise called: mix

Budgeting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Planning - Essay Example Spending plans are not constantly made for a fixed period, a few financial plans are made by adding a couple of more months to guarantee that the complete residency for which the spending plan has been made ranges over a sum of a year. Another sort of such estimation is known as a conjecture. A gauge is a spending that adjusts in the year to make another/smaller than normal spending which is for a time of 3 months or a half year. By making a spending plan, an organization gets the accompanying points of interest: It guarantees that the assets are being utilized in congruity with the objectives of the organization. It guarantees that there are legitimate powers over the utilization of assets. It can help in guaranteeing that the divisions of the organization are locked in valuably with one another. It goes about as a method of assessing the exhibition of administrators of the organization - by contrasting their accomplishments and the planned presentation (Collier, 2010). Spending Cyc le: In a spending cycle, a financial plan is first arranged and afterward exhibitions are controlled on its premise. In this procedure, an arrangement is first evolved to deal with the funds of the organization. This arrangement is then made the benchmark against which the presentation is looked at. On the off chance that the presentation is underneath the spending plans estimations, explanations behind deviation are discovered and quantifies are taken to guarantee that the work performed fits in with the standard set in the financial plan. Working with the Budget all through the Budget Cycle As the individual responsible for the division of fund, clearly you will be a piece of each progression that is taken when the spending plans are readied. These means incorporate the accompanying: 1. Arranging and Development Planning and advancement is the initial step of the spending cycle. At the point when spending plans are made, individuals associated with the planning think about the pre sent budgetary circumstance to make future estimations; they don't dismiss the past notable information identifying with the item or divisions. To guarantee that the spending plans are as exact as could reasonably be expected, they empower the individuals who are engaged with the day by day budgetary dealings of the items to give their data sources. This is on the grounds that these individuals are the experts of the items they work with consistently; accordingly, they will have the option to give a superior thought of the evaluated income, costs, and so forth 2. Execution After a spending plan has been arranged and stacked into the fund framework, it is presently an opportunity to actualize it. Be that as it may, before the execution stage is begun, guarantee that the right financial plan has been stacked. If there should arise an occurrence of any sort of a vagueness, it is constantly prudent to connect with an expert bookkeeper. 3. Checking a. Income and Expense Statement Detail In request to guarantee that each reserve has its FOPPS, the report that shows the whole subtleties of the costs brought about and income earned is required to be accommodated on a month to month premise. I. All the sums for costs brought about during the year, moves made and income earned must be contrasted and the first record based on which the section was made and the exchange experienced. ii. When the slip-ups are recognized, they should be evacuated at the earliest opportunity. b. Income and Expense Statement Summary To ensure that the organization has a full power over the activities going on, the explanation that shows the outline of the income earned and costs caused is required to be seen month to month. I. The real measures of costs acquired

OCD and ADHD Similarities Can Cause Misdiagnosis

OCD and ADHD Similarities Can Cause Misdiagnosis OCD Related Conditions Print How OCD and ADHD Similarities Can Cause Misdiagnosis By LuAnn Pierce, LCSW, is a licensed clinical social worker who has worked in the field of mental health and human services for over 25 years. Learn about our editorial policy LuAnn Pierce, LCSW Updated on October 01, 2019 ADHD Overview Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Living With In Children SEBASTIAN KAULITZKI / Getty Images OCD is believed to affect 1 in 100 adults and 1 in 200 children, according to the International OCD Foundation (IOCDF). The Anxiety and Depression Association of America (ADAA) reports the median age of onset is 19, with one-fourth of cases present by age 14. One-third of adults with OCD had the disorder as a child.  ADHD is estimated to affect between 5-9% of the population, whereas OCD affects about 1-2%. It is pretty common knowledge that OCD coexists with several other disorders, including other anxiety disorders and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Many also recognize there are crossover symptoms of OCD-like behavior and several other disorders. As discussed here before, Autism Spectrum Disorders and ADHD are among those.   Causes OCD and ADHD are strange bedfellows. Both are caused by problems in the frontal lobe, but ADHD is caused by underactivity (not enough dopamine and norepinephrine) in the brain and OCD is due to overactivity (too much serotonin). Although the different types of ADHD present very differently, all types are believed to be caused by low levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain. The person with the hyperactive type of ADHD that is fidgety, restless, impulsive and careless would appear to be the opposite of a person with OCD, generally more cautious, focused and attentive. People with the inattentive type of ADHD are often distracted, disorganized, day-dreamy and forgetful. Again, not your stereotypical OCD traits. Those who have the combined type of ADHD (about 80%) have symptoms of both. Misdiagnosis These two disorders often get confused when a child (or adult in a work setting) with OCD has trouble in school. After all, ADHD, which causes problems with executive functioning (organization, planning, reasoning, prioritizing, executing projects, following through with work, etc.), wreaks havoc in the classroom. A child with OCD who spends a lot of time ordering, arranging or checking his/her books, supplies, and handwriting may appear to be having problems with executive functions when in fact, s/he is simply trying to get or keep things on the desk in the proper place. Understanding what motivates the child’s (or adult’s) behavior is key to a proper diagnosis. ADHD can result in OCD-like coping skills. A child or adult who has trouble getting organized or who are easily distracted may spend an inordinate amount of time arranging, ordering and cleaning things. Sometimes that is procrastination, a typical ADHD trait, but it may be an ADHD coping-skill. Many people with ADHD become over-stimulated by the clutter and disorganization in their environment. This often results in anxiety, or simply shutting down. As a result, they may learn strategies to prevent clutter and disorganization that look like OCD behaviors, ie. arranging, ordering, checking. With regard to proper diagnosis, it is important to remember that ADHD is present across all domains; OCD is generally very specific with regard to the obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors. It is also worth noting that not all people with OCD have the type related to fear of germs and cleaning. In fact, most do not have spotless homes or lockers. Although ADHD was once believed to affect only children, the research has finally caught up with reality; treatment guidelines were changed in 2011 to make adult ADHD official, as many continue to have symptoms into adulthood. It was once believed to magically disappear after puberty. Treatment About 30% of people with ADHD have co-occurring anxiety disorders, including OCD. Those who have problems with low dopamine and/or norepinephrine and high levels of serotonin may indeed have both OCD and ADHD. In these cases, it is extremely important to treat both disorders. However, doing so requires skill and patience. While the treatment for OCD with SSRI is not usually contraindicated in ADHD (some estimate up to 50% of people with ADHD also have depression), stimulant medications used to treat ADHD can exacerbate OCD symptoms with very serious outcomes. Prescribers often treat the symptoms that are causing the most problems first. For those with both disorders, there are non-stimulant medications for ADHD that may have less impact on OCD symptoms. Treatment for both OCD and ADHD should include medication management, therapy, and self-help. Find Help With the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

The Establishment of a Supreme Law Constitution in New...

The establishment of a supreme law constitution in New Zealand would enable the judiciary to have a stronger role, and greater power, to check the executive and legislative branches of government. At present our laws do not allow our judiciary the power that the American judiciary enjoys. The creation of a supreme law constitution enforced by the judiciary would enhance the judiciary’s present role and powers and its ability to act as a check on the other branches of government. This can be seen through the idea of a supreme law constitution, compared with New Zealand’s current constitution, the present nature and extent of the New Zealand judiciary’s role and power to check the other branches; and the role and powers that the judiciary would have under a supreme law constitution, and how this would change its ability to check the other branches of government. America has supreme law because their constitutional document is supreme which means it is the supreme law of the land and overrules all other law in America that is not within the constitution. Their supreme law constitution differs from New Zealand’s current constitution as there is no entrenched law that forms New Zealand’s constitution. America’s constitution distinctly sets out the powers as well as the restrictions of the executive, legislature and judiciary in the own sections. They do not have an overlap between their branches like New Zealand’s system. America has put its Bill of Rights in itsShow MoreRelatedCan Establishment Be Consistent With Religious Freedom?1244 Words   |  5 PagesCan Establishment be Consistent with Religious Freedom? In this paper, it will be submitted that some forms of establishment such as that in England and Scotland is consistent with religious freedom. 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Business And Expanding Umuc Haircut Shop - 1234 Words

Introduction: Myra is now ready to put all her resources to work for her in implementing her strategy for building her business and expanding UMUC Haircut shop. In this paper, we will discuss how Myra brings about all her resources to strategies her shop to be a competitive source. Being able to compete with the growing community where bigger and better hair salons are expanding in her neighborhood. As the future of technology is changing the way, we do businesses all around the world. And most companies are relying on the use of management information systems (MIS) (integrated into their business. With the possibility of order and shipping goods, interacting with customers, or maintaining other business functions. In the In the†¦show more content†¦She will have to make up a plan that will send a message that will encourage and appeal to both sexes. After she has determined the answers to these matters she must examine her ability to develop immediate relationships with individual clients in the College campus area.Myra will need to do some sprucing up in the shop, she would like to add two stations for manicures. She is looking at space next door for the expansion would be great in give her more room to branch out. 1. Proposed IT Solution: The overall objective of the project is to improve the accessibility to the UMUC Haircut Shop. The best vendor and the system that is an excellent fit for what she need is of advantage. A Software as a Service (SaaS) such as Sap a cloud-based system which is already maintained and operated by vendors. Advantage Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) giant SAP is assertively pushing into the software as a service CRM and ERP markets with its Business ByDesign solution. The on-demand ERP system is showing strong global adoption from both customers and partners (Clouds360. Com). Add that to the Axcient, which pulls double duty and Myra is heading in the right direction with her business. The company offers data protection and business continuity for MSPs with a hybrid on-premise appliance for backup and combines that with its cloud-based disaster recovery service (Clouds360. Com). With this system guarantees to put money

Taking Masters in Nursing Free Essays

It has always been my dream since my childhood to become either a Nurse or a Lawyer; however, I preferred to be a Nurse. In that way, I can realize both. As a nurse, I can be of help to patients who need our modest care and attention and at the same time, be advocates of patient’s health and rights. We will write a custom essay sample on Taking Masters in Nursing or any similar topic only for you Order Now I had high ambitions when I entered the field of nursing on the year 2004. Completing the course wasn’t that easy. I seriously took my studies and attain every single requirement to be able to achieve the Nursing degree and eventually, pass the Nurse Licensure Examination. I applied for training at tertiary hospitals in Davao. One of which is Davao Regional Hospital, a 250 bed health care facility, where I was exposed in various special units. As a neophyte, I got to learn and adjust with the different cases I encountered. It is a fact that nowadays, it is not that easy to find a permanent job as a nurse. I took the challenge of the stiff competition and grabbed every chance only to prove that I don’t easily give up. With high hopes and perseverance, I was hired and given the chance to be a part of the health care team of Davao Doctors Hospital (DDH), the premiere hospital in Mindanao. I was trained and assigned at the Medical-Surgical Unit, which caters critically and chronically ill patients. Continuing my nursing career at DDH widened my goals, perspective and outlook in this profession. My path and focus toward work aimed for new heights. Taking care of some patient with mechanical ventilators, on going chemotherapy and with various tubes attached, I know that I get to see great things, which I can acquire in this profession. I realized that one must have an open-mind and a compassionate heart toward work in order to be effective and efficient in this field of practice. The critical cases of my patients served as challenges considering the care and empathy I feel towards them. The exposures I experience give a new meaning as I end every shift of my duty. It always teaches me to stand tall and surrendering isn’t an option. I consider it an everyday fulfillment. Fulfilling my goals to become critically aware with the theories and principles of the Nursing profession, achieving my aspiration to become a holistic nurse which can be advocate, practitioner and educator to my patients, as well as to my colleagues, are my main reasons for pursuing the Master of Arts in Nursing major in Adult Health Nursing at the University of the Philippines Open University. With this degree, I know that I can widen my competence and understanding and develop my awareness on the present issues affecting the Nursing profession especially to the area, which I am assigned. Likewise, it has been my dream, since then, to attain a Master’s degree in a prestigious university like UP. It is also my aim to lead the Nursing team specifically in our unit and even in the whole Nursing Department, where I can provide education to my co-workers and be a model in promoting the best and qualified service to our clients. In addition, considering my location and duty schedule here in Davao, I know that the Open University program would be the best way to achieve my aspirations. In the future, I hope to achieve new opportunities in the institution I work and even in the wide-range scope of this profession and continue to be a blessing to others. With UPOU, I am best aware that I have the high chances of fulfilling my passion of serving the people and attain high positions in the right time. Finally, I want to become an educator of excellence in health care and continue the tradition of education in our profession and preparing those interested and qualified, who will also become medical and nursing advocates and leaders of the next generation. How to cite Taking Masters in Nursing, Essay examples

Organisational Change and its Influence

Different theorists define organisational change in different ways. Some of them define it as the comprehension of the variations that are deliberately introduced in organisations with the aim of improving performance while others define it as the process through which a difference in various aspects of an entity is noted in organisations.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Organisational Change and its Influence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, most of the definitions do not reflect the assumptions that characterize different theories or models of organisational change. For instance cognitive and cultural theorists talk of perception rather than observation when defining organisational change. Since there are differences in the language used to define organisational change, the various definitions of the concept are acceptable. However, the various models or theories of organisational change exhib it some similarities (Laurie 5).. Organisational change is important for organisations in a number of ways. The first way in which it is important is that organisations need to accommodate expansion as they grow in size. As the number of clients and projects increase, they experience more pressure to expand. This implies that they are forced to think of structural changes to accommodate new developments that result from expansion and increased number of clients. For example, additional clients make it necessary for organisations to hire more workers who in turn require additional supervisors and managers to ensure that all the duties are performed effectively. Failure to embrace such changes plunges organisations into many problems that threaten normal functioning (Nelson 2). Apart from accomodating expansion, organisations embrace organisational change in order to address certain problems. Due to constant changes within the environments they operate in, it becomes necessary for the m to make some adjustments to adapt to the new ways of doing things. For example, organisations that record high numbers of sexual harrassment cases may decide to change their training procedures to include protocols on sexual harrassment. Such changes are usually crucial since they assist in dealing with the problems and maintaining the reputation of the organisations (Tonder 125). Organisational change is also motivated by the need to remain up to date with emerging technology and market trends. Organisations that fail to acquaint themselves with the rapidly changing technology find it difficult to remain in the market for a long period of time.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, failure to use modern technology in the production process reduces their productivity. This gives their rivals who employ modern technolgy in production an opportunity to reduc e their prices since they can produce more, hence driving their competitors out of the market. Challenges of Organisational Change Despite the fact that organisational change is important and beneficial to many organisations, there are many challenges that are faced during its initiation and implemention. One of the current problems facing most organisations in the field of organisational change is communication. This is an important tool that can either enhance or make organisational change difficult. Good organisational strategies are important in running organisations but they should always be accompanied by effective communication to ensure that workers and other stakeholders perform there roles as expected. Their facilitation is possible since they are able to get the right information at the right time. The problem of Poor Communication in Organisations Poor communication is a major problem that affects many organisations during implementation of organisational change. The out put of any organisation is determined by the effectiveness of the communication methods used which means that the most critical areas in the organisational operations should be served by effective communication methods. The first area that is affected by poor communication is performance. The primary role of communication in organisations during the implementation of organisational change is to ensure that employees deliver high quality services to the right people, at the right time. This ensures that organisations are able to meet the set goals and budget requirements. Poor communication interferes with organisational change since it makes realization of the set goals difficult. The second problem that organisations face as a result of poor communication is weakening of the organisational culture. In most successful organisations, culture is an important pillar. It enables workers to interact positively and productively with their colleagues. Their interaction with the senior empl oyees of the organisations is also enhanced. Poor communication makes implementation of strategies and dissolution of workplace disputes difficult due to lack of an organisational culture (Hussey 56). The third problem associated with poor communication is that it affects personal effectiveness. Adequate and right information increases the effectiveness of workers since they are aware of what they are supposed to do. Workers are supposed to know how to manage their tasks. They should also be able to account for changes and interruptions without losing their productivity. Poor communication affects organisational change since those who lack personal effectiveness make achievement of the intended goals difficult.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Organisational Change and its Influence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The fourth problem that is associated with poor communication in organisations is lack of collaboration. Collaboration involves different individuals or groups who work together to achieve organisational goals. Workers should collaborate with their colleagues in order to implement changes in various departments without moving away from the set goals of the organisations. Poor communication affects organisations whose rationale behind embracing organisational change is to bring their workers together to enhance collaboration. Consequences of Poor Communication during Organisational Change Since communication is critical in the field of organisational change, failure to conduct it effectively leads to numerous consequences. The first consequence associated with poor communication is lack of teamwork, which is only possible in the presence of effective communication since all involved parties know where and when they need their colleagues. Organisational change therefore becomes difficult due to lack of teamwork (Russ 25). The second consequence of poor communication during organisational change is that it leads to poor quality work. Most organisations embrace organisational change after realizing that there are some things that need to be done differently. All organisational change efforts are geared towards improving the quality of work and increasing productivity, but this is made difficult by poor communication. Quality work is only achieved when communication channels are effective. The third consequence of poor communication during organisational change is lateness. One of the factors that contribute towards success in organisations is the ability to deliver work in good time. Lateness affects organisational change by disrupting normal organisational functions. Effective communication is therefore crucial towards ensuring that work is delivered at the right time for organisational change efforts to succeed (Burke 48). Poor Communication in Sampled Organisations In a bid to understand how different organisations deal with poor communication durin g organisational change, I investigated two different organisations to find out the strategies they use to ensure that organisational change is not disrupted. In order to ensure smooth implementation of organisational change, the organisations have embraced certain general strategies. A strategy is a general approach or pattern used to solve a particular problem. Creating Organisational Change Culture The first strategy that the organisations use to deal with poor communication is the creation of a change culture. It is important for managers and leaders of organisations to understand the organisational culture since some cultures resist change. The organisations have discovered that a healthy change culture is an important tool for implementing change. In some organisations, workers fail to embrace organisational culture because they simply ignore it. The investigated organisations work hard to first of all change the organisational culture since failure to change it makes it diffi cult for any other organisational change to take place. By doing so, the leaders in the organisations are able to create a change-ready environment that makes it easy for thoughtful preparation and communication of ideas to take place.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More They have also been able to make communication in their organisations effective by minimizing resistance through creating a change-ready environment. In such an environment, workers communicate freely, something that enables them to share ideas and issues that facilitate organisational change. Managing the Style and Content of Communication Communication during organisational change should be done in a manner that enables the workers to identify with the content and style of communication easily. For instance, colored and scented markers are common on flip charts that are used for communication in the investigated organisations. Change is also communicated succintly in short messages. During presentation of change programs, the organisations split the overall objectives into goals of specified departments and units. The change messages also emphasize the positive side of the change and ignore the negative one. This is aimed at winning the support of workers, some of whom are resista nt to change. In addition, the organisations use a certain strategy known as pain messages, where the hurting truths of the current problems are communicated before workers are motivated to embrace the promising future resulting from organisational change.The organisations also use sober selling to communicate organisational change to the workers. This strategy involves informing them of the financial implications associated with the organisational change. Managing the style and content of communication is therefore an effective strategy that the two organisations I investigated use to steer organisational change. This plays an important role since majority of the workers are able to commit themselves towards achieving the goals envisaged in the organisational change. Improved Dissemination of Information The leaders of the organisations have realized that there should be certain ways of disseminating information to ensure that organisational change is not hindered by poor communica tion. Their mode of disseminating information involves communicating clearly about the roles, procedures, tasks and responsibilities of workers. Other than the workers, the organisations pass important information to all the stakeholders early enough for the necessary actions to be taken. To ensure that the information reaches the intended audience in the right time, the organisations sometimes use multiple communication methods. In addition, messages about organisational change are incorporated in all activities performed in the organisations. For instance, leaders talk to workers on how proposed solutions fit into the organisational bigger picture during discussions about business problems. During regular performance appraisals, the workers are educated on how their actions enhance or undermine organisational change. Repeating the organisational change message from time to time assists the organisations to keep the workers updated with regard to anticipated changes. The leaders al so update the workers regularly even when there is no hard news being delivered. This enables them to connect with others outside their spheres. Emphasis on Communication The organisations emphasize a whole- communicaction focused strategy where interactions aimed at promoting organisational change and dissemination of information about the change proves to be highly effective. The managers at all levels endeavor to communicate in a clear and consistent manner to ensure that the right information is communicated at the right time, and to the relevant people. The leaders in the organisations have realized that clear and consistent messages that are repeated endlessly are instrumental during organisational change. This is an important communication rule for managers in the organisations since repeating the same message to workers from time to time gives them a chance to incorporate it in their daily activities. During moments of uncertainty, the leaders communicate probabilities to en sure that malicious workers or outsiders do not generate rumours that affect organisational change negatively. However, they also take precautions because too much communication in organisations is harmful sometimes. They encourage face-to-face communication by the line managers since this type of communiccation concentrates on local work areas. The organisations also use communication as a tool for dealing with elements that show resistance to organisational change. Change leaders in these organisations create highly structured dialogues among members, something that allows the members to feel more incorporated in the process of organisational change. Emphasis on Purpose and Vision This is a strategy used by the organisations to gain support from workers during organisational change. The presence of a clear vision and purpose for change is important since it assists them to bring workers and other stakeholders on board. A clear vision does not only make the organisational change ef forts credible but also helps in dealing with some of the uncertainties associated with change. The workers and stakeholders in the organisations know where they are headed hence they actively participate in implementation of strategies that support organisational change. The leaders establish a shared image for the future by creating visual and written images of that future. They also develop organisational structures to ensure that the future is achieved. Conclusion Changes in technology and the manner in which organisations operate have made it necessary for many organisations to embrace organisational change. The concept implies that organisations must introduce and implement changes that have not been popular among their workers. The need to introduce such changes is inspired by various reasons among them competition, expansion and the emergence of new technologies. Failure to introduce some of the required changes lowers the general performance of the organisations and exposes them to the risk of being driven out of the market. However, organisational change is not an easy thing sicne it is accompanied by numerous challenges. One of the most current problems associated with it is poor communication. Effective communication is crucial for organisations going through organisational change since without it, most of them find it difficult to achieve their goals. As a result, the ones undergoing organisational changes have deviced various strategies of addressing poor communication to ensure that it does not interfere with the whole process. Works Cited Burke, Warner. Organization Change: Theory and Practice, New York: Sage, 2010. Print. Hussey, David. How to Manage Organisational Change, New York: Kogan Sage Publishers, 2000. Print. Laurie, Lewis. n.d. Advice on Communicating during Organizational Change. n.d. Web. Nelson, Lauren. Importance of Change in an Organization. Web. Russ, Travis. Communication Strategies for Implementing Organizational Change. Web. Tonder, Christian. Organisational Change, New York: Van Schaik, 2004. Print. This research paper on Organisational Change and its Influence was written and submitted by user Carl Nielsen to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Richard III Vs. Looking For Richard

Year 11 English Comparative Essay: â€Å"Richard III† vs. â€Å"Looking for Richard† The differences between McKellen’s â€Å"Richard III† and Pacino’s â€Å"Looking for Richard† should immediately be predicted when you see the first few minutes of each film. On one hand, Richard III begins with an intense gunfight, while on the other hand, in Looking for Richard; Pacino is simply preparing to perform a play. We realise one is actually supposed to be based entirely on the story (Richard III) and the other is essentially a documentary (Looking for Richard). This is easily seen within the characters also. In Richard III, there is no â€Å"Ian McKellen†, only Richard; while in Looking for Richard there is both Pacino and Richard in a sense, as we see Al Pacino playing Richard- if you catch my drift. Al Pacino is basically a character in the movie. In terms of the presentation of the actual play â€Å"Richard III† in both films, the style and setting in which they are presented are completely different also. Both Pacino and McKellen have the same idea in a sense- to portray the play Richard III in such a fashion as to be understood by the audience. In Looking for Richard, Pacino tries to find the thoughts and opinions of regular people on Shakespeare, in order to create a movie explaining (in a simplistic fashion) what â€Å"Richard III† is about. Pacino decides to use the play’s original setting in order to do this. However, in Richard III, McKellen places the play in a setting people today understand and can relate to: a dark period identical in its appearance to World War II. In terms of their success I believe Richard III does a better job of conveying the theme and story to the audience, because unlike Looking for Richard, the movie is fluent, not cutting from a scene to street talk, etc. Also, most people find the traditional setting quite confusing, the WWII setting making far more sense. Also, in Richard III, we do not... Free Essays on Richard III Vs. Looking For Richard Free Essays on Richard III Vs. Looking For Richard Year 11 English Comparative Essay: â€Å"Richard III† vs. â€Å"Looking for Richard† The differences between McKellen’s â€Å"Richard III† and Pacino’s â€Å"Looking for Richard† should immediately be predicted when you see the first few minutes of each film. On one hand, Richard III begins with an intense gunfight, while on the other hand, in Looking for Richard; Pacino is simply preparing to perform a play. We realise one is actually supposed to be based entirely on the story (Richard III) and the other is essentially a documentary (Looking for Richard). This is easily seen within the characters also. In Richard III, there is no â€Å"Ian McKellen†, only Richard; while in Looking for Richard there is both Pacino and Richard in a sense, as we see Al Pacino playing Richard- if you catch my drift. Al Pacino is basically a character in the movie. In terms of the presentation of the actual play â€Å"Richard III† in both films, the style and setting in which they are presented are completely different also. Both Pacino and McKellen have the same idea in a sense- to portray the play Richard III in such a fashion as to be understood by the audience. In Looking for Richard, Pacino tries to find the thoughts and opinions of regular people on Shakespeare, in order to create a movie explaining (in a simplistic fashion) what â€Å"Richard III† is about. Pacino decides to use the play’s original setting in order to do this. However, in Richard III, McKellen places the play in a setting people today understand and can relate to: a dark period identical in its appearance to World War II. In terms of their success I believe Richard III does a better job of conveying the theme and story to the audience, because unlike Looking for Richard, the movie is fluent, not cutting from a scene to street talk, etc. Also, most people find the traditional setting quite confusing, the WWII setting making far more sense. Also, in Richard III, we do not...

Classroom Testing Best Practices and Applications

Classroom Testing Best Practices and Applications In its simplest form, classroom assessment is about collecting data, looking for mastery of content, and guiding instruction. These things are more complex than they sound. Teachers will tell you that they are time- consuming, often monotonous, and seemingly neverending. All teachers are required to assess their students, but the good teachers understand that it is more than just assigning grades for a report card. True classroom assessment shapes the ebb and flows within a classroom. It drives daily instruction becoming the engine for not only what is taught, but how it should be taught. All teachers should be data-driven decision makers. Every individual assessment provides critical data that can potentially provide us with another piece of the puzzle to maximize a single student’s learning potential. Any time spent unwrapping this data will be a worthy investment to see a dramatic increase in student learning. Classroom assessment is not one of the glamorous aspects of being a teacher, but it may be the most important. To put it simply, it is hard to know how to get somewhere you have never been if you do not have a map or directions. Authentic classroom assessment can provide that roadmap, allowing every student to be successful. Utilize Standard Based Benchmark Assessments Every teacher is required to teach specific standards or content based on subjects taught and grade level. In the past, these standards have been developed by each state individually. However, with the development of the Common Core State Standards and the Next Generation Science Standards, many states will have shared standards for English Language Arts, Mathematics, and Science. Standards serve as a checklist for what is supposed to be taught throughout the school year. They do not dictate the order in which they are taught or how they are taught. Those are left up to the individual teacher. Utilizing a benchmark assessment based on standards provides teachers with a baseline for where students are individually as well as where the class is as a whole at selected checkpoints throughout the year. These checkpoints are typically at the beginning, middle, and end of the year. The assessments themselves should include at least two questions per standard. Teachers can build a solid benchmark assessment by looking at previously released test items, searching online, or creating aligned items themselves. After the initial assessment is given, teachers can break down the data in a variety of ways. They will get a quick idea of what each individual student knows coming into the year. They can also evaluate whole group data. For example, if 95% of the students get all the questions correct for a particular standard, the teacher should probably teach the concept early on in the year without spending an inordinate amount of time. However, if students perform poorly on a standard, the teacher should plan to devote a greater amount of time later on in the year. The middle of the year and end of the year assessments allow teachers to measure overall student growth and whole class understanding. It would be wise to spend more time re-teaching a standard in which a large portion of the class struggled with on an assessment. Teachers can also reevaluate their approach with individual students who are lagging behind possibly offering tutoring services or increased remediation time. Focus on Diagnostic Data There are lots of diagnostic programs available to assess individual student strengths and weaknesses quickly and accurately. Too often, teachers get caught up in the big picture that these assessments provide. Programs such as S.T.A.R Reading and S.T.A.R. Math provide grade-level equivalency for students. Many times teachers see that a student is at/above grade level or below grade level and stop there. Diagnostic assessments provide so much more data than grade level equivalency. They provide valuable data that allows teachers to quickly decipher individual student strengths and weaknesses. Teachers who only look at grade level miss the fact that two seventh grade students who test at the seventh-grade level may have holes in differing critical areas. The teacher may miss the opportunity to fill these gaps before they become a hindrance down the road. Provide Regular In-depth Feedback to Students Individualized learning starts by providing continuous feedback. This communication should occur daily in both written and verbal form. Students should be helped to understand their strengths and weaknesses. Teachers should utilize small group or individual meetings to work with students who are struggling with specific concepts. Small group instruction should occur every day and individual meetings should occur at least one time per week. Some type of feedback other than just a grade should be provided for every daily assignment, homework, quiz, and test. Simply grading a paper without reinforcing or re-teaching the incorrect concepts is a missed opportunity. Goal setting is another essential part of the teacher-student collaboration. Students should understand how the goals are tied to academic performance. Goals should be high, but attainable. The goals and progress towards them should be discussed regularly, and reevaluated and adjusted if necessary. Understand that Every Assessment is Valuable Every assessment provides a story. Teachers have to interpret that story and decide what they are going to do with the information that it provides. An assessment must drive instruction. Individual problems and/or whole assignments in which a majority of the class scores poorly should be re-taught. It is okay to throw out an assignment, re-teach the concepts, and give the assignment again. Every assignment should be scored because of every assignment matters. If it does not matter, do not waste the time to have your students do it.   Standardized testing is another notable assessment that can provide valuable feedback year over year. This is more beneficial to you as a teacher than it will be to your students because there is a chance you will not have the same group of students two years in a row. Standardized test results are tied to the standards. Evaluating how your students did on each standard allows you to make adjustments in your classroom.   Build On-Going Portfolios Portfolios are tremendous assessment tools. They provide teachers, students, and parents with an in-depth look into student progression over the course of an entire year. Portfolios naturally take time to build but can be relatively easy if a teacher makes it a regular part of the classroom and uses students to help keep up with them. A portfolio should be kept in a three-ring binder. Teachers can create a checklist and place them in front of each portfolio. The first part of each portfolio should include all diagnostic and benchmark assessments taken over the course of the year. The remainder of the portfolio should be made up of standard related assignments, quizzes, and exams. The portfolio should include at least two daily assignments and one exam/quiz for each standard. The portfolio would become an even more valuable assessment tool if students were required to write a quick reflection/summary for each associated standard. Portfolios are the purest form of assessment because they encompass pieces that add up to a whole.

Computer and Video Games Industry - Nintendo Essay

Computer and Video Games Industry - Nintendo - Essay Example This industry posses a different dynamic situation and a new and unique business environment in which very few players tend to dominate both in software as well as hardware industry. Sony is supposed to be leading in the hardware industry through its Play Stations whereas Microsoft is a late entry into the hardware market through its own gaming console to rival Sony and other players. Based on such aggressive competition in the industry it can safely be assumed that this industry is not only growing but also pose a great challenge to the industry players to be more innovative and creative in presenting new and unique gaming themes to gain competitive advantages in the industry. This study will explore the dynamics in the video industry and how it behaved in the past and what is its key drivers in the 2000s and how the industry develops into short to long-term with special emphasis on the software as well as hardware. As outlined above that the video gaming industry is expected to generate a revenue target of more than $50 Billion in the current year, the expectations are that the industry will grow at least in the short run. A close look at that industry will suggest that it’s most avid users i.e. consumers are not just children but also include adults with the average age of the users ranges in 30 years pointing towards the diverse and vast customer base the industry is catering to. However, the key driver in the industry has always remained the innovation whether in the past or in the current 21st-century consumer market for the video games. As the industry has now emerged as a parallel entertainment industry to the Hollywood, therefore, it is now being more and more structured and sophisticated as far as the production and development of these games concerned. This innovation and creativity further become complicated especially within the domain of the software when the developers of the games face hardware constraints such as faced by the Sony when its Play Station 2 Console restricted it to embark on the more creative and innovative software games to launch.  

Partnership between Department Manager and Human Resources Essay

Partnership between Department Manager and Human Resources - Essay Example Besides, they are best suited to give a critical assessment of each candidate. Departmental managers are essential in recruiting employees in many ways. Firstly, they understand existing knowledge or skill gap within the organization at a better level, besides those stipulated for recruitment. Secondly, they handle the staff at department levels and are best suited to identifying best specific criteria in selection stage among a pool of qualified candidates (Buller & McEvoy, 2012). Also, they are a linkage to the overall organizational management and its strategic plans. Besides, they are involved in drafting organizational goals at the departmental level. Because of their expansive knowledge on strategic planning within a department and the entire organization, they are therefore best suited for selecting prospective employees (Oyer & Schaefer, 2011). While HRM typical role of planning and coordinating workforce is driving force in hiring, the input from departmental heads is highly helpful (van Donk & Esser, 1992). Together with the HRM, departmental chairs are useful in matching employees skills to the job. Moreover, departmental heads understand dynamics and work-related issues. They are best suited for designing interviews guidelines and areas to assess knowledge and experience for a particular job in the department. To recruit best-suited staff, the input from departmental heads cannot be overemphasized. They are best acquainted with operational management and specific skills needed for particular jobs from their departments. Building partnership helps tap the best staff for existing opportunities. Van Donk, D.-P., & Esser, A. (1992). Strategic human resource management: A role of the human resource manager in the process of strategy formation. Human Resource Management Review.

Rabbit Genetics :: essays research papers

Rabbit Genetics The similarity between the physiology of rabbits and humans makes the rabbit a good model for research into human disease. The most prevalent types of rabbits are cottontails and European rabbits. Domestic rabbits are tame assortments of European rabbits. The Californian, Florida White, and New Zealand White are the most common breeds used in research. Until 1912 rabbits were classified as rodents. Scientists discovered that the two types of animals differed in several distinct anatomical ways. Rabbits, for instance, have a second pair of upper incisors, known as "peg teeth," that are found behind the two main visible incisors in the upper jaw. Rabbits have elongated hind legs adapted for moving at high speeds over open areas. Rabbits generally move in a hopping motion. They also have webbed toes to keep them from spreading as they hop. Rabbits have flexible necks, which allow them to turn their heads more than rodents. Their spines are long and fragile and susceptible to fractures if the animal is held improperly. Research The ability to produce tumors in rabbits makes them useful models to study chemo/immunotherapy, as well as immunoprevention of certain cancers. Cholesterol studies: Rabbits have been used to test Probucol, a drug that lowers blood cholesterol and retards the development of hardening of the arteries. Eye ear and skin studies: Rabbits are used to study middle and inner ear infections, which affect millions of infants and children each year. †¢ Rabbits are also used to study Entropion, a condition in which the eyelashes are turned inward, as well as Glaucoma, which often results in blindness. †¢ Rabbits are used in eye and skin irritation tests to develop appropriate procedures for handling certain chemicals and to predict the toxicity of accidental exposure. †¢ More than 10,000 blind or visually impaired people have benefited from corneal transplants, possible only because of hundreds of trials on rabbits. Drug metabolism: Rabbits have been used to study the effects of marijuana on the central nervous system. Pregnacy Test Presently a woman who wants to find out if she's pregnant need only make a quick trip to the local drug, grocery, or convenience store; purchase an over-the-counter home pregnancy test kit; perform a simple test; and she'll know the results within a matter of minutes. Not so long ago, however, it was not nearly as quick or easy: Awomawho thought she might be with child had to schedule an appointment with her doctor, make a trip to his office, give a urine sample, go home, then spend an anxious couple of days waiting for the office to telephone with the test results.

Environmental Worldviews, Ethics, and Sustainability

ENVIRONMENTAL WORLDVIEWS, ETHICS, AND SUSTAINABILITY Chapter 28 BIOSPHERE 2 †¢ Biosphere 2, was designed to be self sustaining life-supporting system for eight people sealed in the facility in 1991. The experiment failed because of a breakdown in its nutrient cycling systems. ENVIRONMENTAL WORLDVIEWS AND VALUES †¢ Environmental Worldviews include: †¢ How you think the world works. †¢ What you believe your environmental role in the world should be. †¢ What you believe is right and wrong environmental behavior. INSTRUMENTAL AND INTRINSIC VALUES Instrumental (utilitarian) †¢ A value something has because of its usefulness to us or to the biosphere †¢ i. e. preserving natural capital and biodiversity †¢ Intrinsic (inherent) †¢ The value something has just because it exists regardless of whether it has any instrumental value to us. CLASSIFYING WORLDVIEWS †¢ Worldviews are generally divided into two groups: †¢ Holistic (Ecocentric) is earth centered and focuses on sustaining the earth’s †¢ Natural systems (ecosystems) †¢ Life-forms (biodiversity) Life-support systems (biosphere) †¢ For all species †¢ Atomistic is individual centered †¢ Anthropocentric (human-centered) †¢ Biocentric (life-centered) ANTHROPOCENTRIC, BIOCENTRIC, AND ECOCENTRIC †¢ Anthropocentric (human-centered) †¢ No-problem school (all problems solved), free-market school (global economy), responsible school (mix of previous 2) †¢ Instrumental values play a larger role. †¢ Biocentric (life-centered) †¢ Human as one with the earth †¢ Aldo Leopold and John Muir †¢ Intrinsic values play a larger role †¢ Ecocentric (earth-centered) Humans destroy the earth †¢ Emerson, Thoreau, Aldo Leopold, John Muir, Rachel Carson †¢ Environmental Worldviews and Values †¢ Intrinsic values play a larger role ENVIRONMENTAL WORLDVIEWS †¢ Planetary Management †¢ Anthropo centric †¢ We are the most important †¢ We are apart from the rest of nature †¢ Because of our technology we will never run out of resources †¢ Economic growth is unlimited and we should use earth’s resources for our benefit †¢ Stewardship †¢ Biocentric †¢ Be stewards to earth †¢ Manage earth’s life support system We most likely will not run out of resources but they should not be wasted †¢ Environmental Wisdom †¢ Ecosystem-centered (Biocentric) †¢ We are dependent on nature †¢ Don’t waste resources †¢ Success depends on how well we learn how nature sustains itself †¢ Ecofeminist Worldview †¢ Main cause of environmental problems not just human-centeredness, but male-centeredness †¢ Advocate society fixing rift between humans and nature as well as ending oppression base on sex, race, class, and cultural/religious beliefs †¢ Social Ecology Worldview Creating better democratic comm unities †¢ New forms of environmentally stable production †¢ New types of environmentally friendly technology CULTURAL GROUPINGS †¢ There are 3 different cultural grouping which determine a person’s values and worldviews †¢ Moderns †¢ (about 45% of the adult U. S. population) actively seek materialism and the drive to acquire money and property, take cynical view of idealism and caring, accept some form of the planetary management worldview, and tend to be pro big businesses †¢ Traditionals (about 19% of the adult U. S. population) believe in family, church, and community, helping others, having caring relationships, and working to create a better society. They tend to be older, poorer, and less educated †¢ Cultural Creatives of New Progressives (about 36% of the adult U. S. population) †¢ have a strong commitment of family, community, the environment, education, equality, personal growth, spiritual development, helping other people, li ving in harmony with the earth, and making a contribution to society.SHIFTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES AND WORLDVIEWS †¢ Global and national polls reveal a shift towards the stewardship and environmental wisdom. LIVING MORE SUSTAINABLY †¢ Four guiding principles for living more sustainably †¢ Respect earth and life and all its diversity †¢ Care for life with understanding, love, and compassion †¢ Build societies that are free, just, participatory, sustainable, and peaceful †¢ Secure earth’s bounty and beauty for present and future generations HOW TO LIVE MORE SIMPLY Some affluent people in developed countries are adopting a lifestyle of voluntary simplicity †¢ Voluntary simplicity is doing and enjoying more with less by learning to live more simply †¢ Based on Mahatma Gandhi’s principle of enoughness †¢ â€Å"The earth provides enough to satisfy every person’s need but not every person’s greed†¦When we take more than we need, we are simply taking from each other, borrowing from the future, or destroying the environment and other species. † †¢ When you choose voluntary simplicity it means †¢ Spending less time working for money Leading lives less driven to accumulate stuff †¢ Spending more time living †¢ You basically must ask yourself â€Å"How much is enough? † †¢ Voluntary simplicity shouldn’t be confused with forced simplicity of the poor, who don’t have enough to meet their basic needs for food, clothing, shelter, clean water, air, and good health. †¢ Law of Progressive Simplification †¢ â€Å"True growth occurs as civilizations transfer an increasing proportion of energy and attention from the material side of life to the nonmaterial side and thereby develop their culture, capacity for compassion, sense of community, and strength of democracy. LIVING MORE SUSTAINABLY †¢ In order to make the planet a better place w e must realize that individuals matter. Most of the environmental progress we have made during the last few decades occurred because individuals banded together to insist that we can do better. †¢ We must implement earth education. †¢ We need hope, a positive vision of the future, and commitment to making the world a better place to live. [pic]

Alahmad and Murphy on Business Ethics Essay - 981 Words

The first two journal articles that were compared and contrasted were Ala Alahmad’s 2010 article on To Be Ethical or Not to Be: An International Code of Ethics for Leadership and Patrick Murphy’s 2009 article on The Relevance of Responsibility to Ethical Business Decisions. Some key findings of Alahmad’s writings were that ethics and leadership were closely tied together; they were found to be derivatives of one another. He mentioned that ethics is an individual thought process of making good or poor decisions. Alahmad described an international code of leadership that was heavily veiled with great moral fibers. Some notable characters of his code included honesty, respect, punctuality, humbleness, and great dignity. However, in†¦show more content†¦Finally, in comparison Murphy elicits empirical researchers to explore, examine, and refine his findings. In essence, he did not perform an extensive review of his results similar to Alahmad’s re sults. Alahmad and Murphy both shared similar ideas about the moral compasses be pointed in the right direction as it relates to ethics. Rather if it was a code for international ethics or an examination on responsible both cases proved to be win-wins for ethics. There were no major points of contrast that were note worthy. On some level, both writers were going for the same goal just in different way. The next two articles that were compared and contrasted were Peter Drucker’s 1981 article on What Is Business Ethics? and Milton Friedman’s 1970 article on The Social Responsibility of Business Is To Increase Its Profits. Drucker linked business ethics as a monitoring tool that called out businesses who received special ethical treatments. He noted that what we refer to as ethics should be called ethical chic. This turned out to be highly debated statement of that period. Drucker’s statement did not seem to be related to the core principles of what ethics was established for. Drucker’s main claim was that business ethics elevates businesses to a higher level than that of regular citizens. HeShow MoreRelatedEssay on Different Viewpoints of Business Ethics1997 Words   |  8 Pagesresponsibility and business ethics before concluding the paper. Four Articles All four articles center their focus on business ethics. Of the four articles, three are scholarly peer-reviewed journal articles and one, by Friedman, is an online periodical. The first article is â€Å"To be ethical or not to be: An international code of ethics for leadership† by Aja Alahmad. This article first states the importance of the topic issue. The author claims that there are no clearly defined codes of ethics that leadersRead MoreBusiness Ethics and Social Responsibility Essay2333 Words   |  10 Pagesinterpretations of four separate authors in respect to ethics and social responsibility as they apply to business. The four articles to be reviewed are; â€Å"The Social Responsibilities of Business is to Increase its Profits† by Milton Friedman, â€Å"The Relevance of Responsibility to Ethical Business Decisions† by Patrick E. Murphy, â€Å"What is ‘business ethics’† by Peter F. Drucker and â€Å"To Be Ethical Not To Be: An International Code of Ethics for Leadership† by Ala’ Alahmad. Each of these articles represents the author’s